Stakeholders & Regulations
Who runs the market and the rules they follow.
TSOs
Transmission System Operators
The Grid Operators. Responsible for the high-voltage grid, system security (frequency), and calculating capacity.
Examples: RTE, TenneT, Amprion, Elia.
NEMOs
Nominated Electricity Market Operators
The Exchanges. Run the trading platforms (Day-Ahead/Intraday) and match buy/sell orders.
Examples: EPEX SPOT, Nord Pool, OMIE.
Market Participants
Traders, Generators, Consumers
The Users. Anyone buying or selling energy. Includes power plants, energy traders, retailers, and large industrial consumers.
Regulators
ACER & NRAs
The Referees. ACER (EU level) and National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) ensure fair competition and rule compliance.
JAO
Joint Allocation Office
The Auction House. A service company owned by TSOs to perform cross-border capacity auctions.
Disclaimer: This guide is provided for educational purposes only and is not an authoritative source. While we strive for accuracy, some definitions and figures may be simplified or approximate. For professional or regulatory purposes, please cross-check information with official documents from ENTSO-E, national regulators, or academic publications.